Candida albicans represented 58% of the uninfected oral mycobiome but 83% of the HIV-infected oral mycobiome, with a decrease represented in the abundance of Pichia, which was deemed a consequence of antagonistic effects. In one study comparing uninfected versus HIV-infected individuals, for instance, it was shown that despite the core oral mycobiome being dominated by Candida species in both groups, an overall shift in abundance occurred in the HIV-infected individuals. It has been shown that various factors can influence the composition of these normal flora organisms, such as pharmaceutical therapies or disease states in the host. Malassezia was previously known for its role as a pathogen on the skin, then reported as the predominant fungi of nostrils and the back of the head and ear region, prior to being identified as a strong commensal colonizer of the oral cavity. Of interest was the discovery of a high presence of the genus Malassezia. While Candida and Pichia tend to be the most commonly explored dominant fungi of the oral region, other genera have emerged as demonstrating surprisingly high prevalence and abundance. The most frequent genera included Candida, Cladosporium, Aureobasidium, Saccharomycetales, Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Cryptococcus, of which four of these predominant genera are known human pathogens. A study found a total of 85 fungal genera in the oral mycobiome, 74 of which were culturable and 11 non-cultural. Although there is a lack of research on the oral mycobiome specific to women, it is still important to explore this region of the mycobiome when examining any individual’s fungal composition. Despite these heavily protective mechanisms, many bacteria, viruses, and fungi survive this region as part of the normal flora or microbiome of the human body. Like many routes of entry of the body, the oral cavity is heavily protected by various enzymatic components of the immune system, including immunoglobulins, chaperokine heat shock proteins, lysozyme, amylase, mucins, and peroxidases, just to name a few. We will focus on the oral, breastmilk, skin, gut, and vaginal mycobiomes, as well as the consequences of dysbiosis in these areas. In this review, we will specifically focus on the role of the mycobiome in women’s health and explore the various factors and implications involved in this lesser-studied part of the human microbiome. Colonization begins directly from birth and continues to grow and fluctuate with factors such as exercise, daily activities, nutrition, age, sex, disease, and medical therapies (especially the use of antibiotics and antifungals). The human mycobiome, like the microbiome, is not a static system but instead highly variable throughout life, both at the intra- and inter-individual levels. The overall microbiome, which includes the mycobiome, has been found to be critical to various aspects of human biology, including metabolism, pathogenesis, energy pathways, immunity, neurology, and health. The human mycobiome focuses not only on the collection of fungi distributed throughout the human body but also the interactions between those fungi and other microbes, as well as the host itself.
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